Petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) in groundwater aquifers: An overview of environmental fate, toxicity, microbial degradation and risk-based remediation approaches

- Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) contamination of groundwater is a serious global issue.
- Physico-chemical property of PHs determines movement in aquifers from source zone.
- Remediation of PHs contamination requires risk-based strategies.
- Knowledge on microbial dynamics in contaminated aquifer is important.
- Toxicity tests are vital for risk-based approaches for PHs remediation.