Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) tolerance to herbicides

Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) at 8-10 leaf stages were exposed to three rates (0.75X, 1X, and 1.25X; X, recommended rate) of five herbicides (oxadiargyl (T), bentazon (B), oxyfluorfen (O), metribuzin (M), phenmedipham +desmedipham (P)). Herbicidal treatment application caused an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant response, and an increase in H2O2 and malondealdehyde (MDA) accumulation was observed with the activation of the antioxidant response. All treatments induced oxidative stress and the sensitivity of antioxidant enzymes differed among treatments. Moreover, the activity and sensitivity of enzymes were different based on herbicide type and rate. Findings from this study suggest that exposure of S. officinalis to herbicides included in this study are associated with increased oxidative stress, but on the other hand, the antioxidant enzyme activity of the plant may be neutralized by the toxic effects of the herbicides, with the exception of metribuzin treatments.