A national survey of the impact of NAP4 on airway management practice in United Kingdom hospitals: closing the safety gap in anaesthesia, intensive care and the emergency department

Publication of NAP4 was followed by changes in practice in the majority of responding departments within two yr. Improvements included improved provision of difficult airway equipment and more widespread routine use of capnography. The biggest change occurred in ICU; the impact on training nursing and junior staff was modest and here, significant safety gaps remain.