Minimally invasive intraoperative estimation of left-ventricular end-systolic elastance with phenylephrine as loading interventionâ€

It is feasible to determine Ees combining continuous non-invasive arterial pressure measurements and left-ventricular volume determinations with TOE. However, administration of phenylephrine cannot substitute IVCC as a loading intervention, indicating that estimation of Ees in the intraoperative setting remains a challenge.