Lithium dilution, pulse power analysis, and continuous thermodilution cardiac output measurements compared with bolus thermodilution in anaesthetized poniesâ€

This is the first study to show a large bias for LiDCO-BTD comparison in animals receiving xylazine, ketamine, and midazolam infusions. The trending abilities of neither PulseCO nor CTD were reliable. Further studies are needed to elucidate possible influences of drugs on the accuracy of the LiDCOplus system.