Electrocardiographic alterations during intravascular application of three different test doses of bupivacaine and epinephrine: experimental study in neonatal pigs

This animal model demonstrated that increases in heart rate and T-elevation in the ECG during i.v. application of a common test dose (0.2 ml kg−1) of bupivacaine are caused by epinephrine addition. Whether higher doses of bupivacaine alone can cause similar ECG changes or not requires further studies.