Differences in smoking expectancies in smokers with and without a history of major depression

Adults with depression evidence higher rates of smoking and lower quit rates than adults without depression. Little is known about the relationship between depression and smoking beliefs which are associated with both smoking and smoking cessation behavior. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether adult smokers with and without a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) differ in their endorsement of smoking expectancies. The secondary aim of the study was to examine whether there were interactions of depression and gender on the endorsement of expectancies. Adult cigarette smokers participating in a clinical trial of Selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation were classified as having a history of depression (MDD+, n = 26) or no history of depression (MDD−, n = 75). History of depression and smoking expectancies were assessed prior to randomization into the clinical trial. There was a main effect of depression on 7 out of 10 of the assessed beliefs. MDD+ smokers, compared to MDD− smokers, more strongly endorsed beliefs that smoking reduces negative affect, boredom, and cravings; smoking increases stimulation and social facilitation; smoking helps to manage cravings and weight; and that the taste is enjoyable. The main effect of gender and the interactive effect of depression and gender were not significant. Incorporating expectancies into cognitive–behavioral treatments for smoking cessation may be useful for smokers with a history of depression.

Research Highlights
► Smoking beliefs were assessed in smokers with and without a history of depression.
► Smokers with past depression more strongly endorsed a variety of smoking beliefs.
► There were no gender differences in the endorsement of smoking beliefs.
► Smokers with depression may benefit from discussing smoking beliefs in treatment.