Current Techniques in Avian Anesthesia

Birds often require anesthesia for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The provision of anesthesia with a low risk of complications is, in part, associated with a working knowledge of avian cardiopulmonary physiology. Inhalant anesthesia remains the technique of choice for anesthesia of birds. Anesthetic drugs and techniques, including air sac cannulation and intraosseous catheterization, for pet birds (psittacines and passerines) are covered in this review.