Adolescent alcohol involvement and suicide attempts: Toward the development of a conceptual framework

The present article provides a conceptual framework of the relation between alcohol involvement (A) and suicide attempts (S). This framework can be broadly construed to reflect two dimensions: directionality (direction of causality; A→S, S→A, or a spurious relation) and temporality (distinguishing between proximal and distal effects of both behaviors). We review and evaluate the evidence on the association between A and S among adolescents using this conceptual framework as a guide. The extant data suggest that this relation is complex and not fully understood. Further, it seems unlikely that a single approach will be found to determine direction of causality, and the specification and validation of hypothesized mechanisms will involve a variety of different types of evidence. Suggestions for additional research using informative designs are discussed.