Modifying interpretations among individuals high in anxiety sensitivity

To examine the causal relationship between cognitive biases and anxiety, a bias modification paradigm was used to reduce negative interpretation biases in participants with high anxiety sensitivity (AS). Participants (N = 75) were assigned to a Positive training condition or to one of two Control conditions (Neutral or No training). During training, participants imagined themselves in ambiguous scenarios related to AS. Positive training required participants to resolve the scenarios’ ambiguity positively and was hypothesized to result in more positive and less negative subsequent interpretations related to AS, fewer self-reported AS symptoms, and less emotional vulnerability on AS stressors (compared to the Control conditions). As expected, Positive training shifted interpretations of novel scenarios and self-reported AS symptoms in the anticipated direction. Evidence was mixed for the effect of Positive training on emotional vulnerability (small effect for less fear, but not for avoidance). Findings support the causal premise underlying cognitive models of anxiety.