A new ultrasensitive way to circumvent PCR-based allele distinction: Direct probing of unamplified genomic DNA by solution-phase hybridization using two-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy

Single-molecule fluorescence methods enable a new class of nucleic acid assays to be performed that are not possible with PCR-based methods. In this basic study, the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)-genotypes (normal, homozygous mutated, as well as heterozygous mutated) were directly detected for the first time onto unamplified double-stranded genomic DNA in solution down to femtomolar allele concentrations (10−15 M) in a homogeneous assay format. This was accomplished by taking advantage of the decrease by a factor of 40 to 100 in fluorescence background signals of the non-bound nonlinear hybridization probes in two colors and two-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. The designed 'intelligent' probes contained the built-in 5′-fluorescent dyes rhodamine green and Alexa633, respectively, and the 3′-non-fluorescent quenchers BHQ1 and BHQ3, respectively, with perfectly matched spectral overlaps for both dye-quencher combinations. Upon binding of two appropriate probes that were sequence-specific for the genotype, the steady-state fluorescence in two colors increased by about two orders of magnitude. The obtained allele sensitivity of femtomolar and the specificity of the described molecular interactions allow PCR-based allele distinction to be circumvented. Furthermore, the results present an alternative to existing hybridization approaches that are currently used with and without amplification at the 'many-molecule' level and the 'single-molecule' level.