Ontogeny of the thyroid hormones and cortisol in the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata

The aim of the study was to elucidate the pattern of changes in the whole body concentrations of thyroid hormones (TH) and cortisol in eggs, pre-larvae, and larvae in the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. The ontogeny of these hormones was related to specific morphological characteristics that characterize early development. TH and cortisol were detected in substantial amounts in the eggs of sea bream. T3 concentration in eggs was found to be higher than that of T4 (T3, 4.02 ± 0.38 ng g−1; T4, 1.63 ± 0.28 ng g−1), as it is often observed in marine teleosts. T4 decreased until hatching (T4, 1.01 ± 0.58 ng g−1), while T3 reached a minimum at the time of first feeding (T3, 0.19 ± 0.02 ng g−1). As development proceeded, both hormones displayed a similar pattern of changes with increasing concentrations until the completion of metamorphosis (T3, 15.84 ± 2.92 ng g−1; T4, 9.78 ± 2.39 ng g−1), indicating that the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial-thyroid axis begins to function soon after first feeding. The pattern of changes of cortisol (F) concentration was almost parallel to that of T4, starting from 0.83 ng g−1 in eggs. Minimum F concentration was observed at hatching (0.39 ± 0.03 ng g−1) and maximum at melanophores and scale formation (14.82 ± 2.71 and 14.82 ± 3.12 ng g−1, respectively). Results provide data for the first time on the ontogeny of thyroid hormones and cortisol during the early development in sea bream and are in agreement with results in other fish species for an important action of TH during early development.