Diabetic nephropathy is associated with decreasedcirculating estradiol levels and imbalance in the expression of renal estrogen receptors

Reduced circulating levels of estradiol and imbalance in the expression of estrogen receptor subtypes in the diabetic kidney may explain why female sex is no longer a protective factor in the setting of DM. Thus, estradiol supplementation may be an effective regimen in attenuating the onset and progression of diabetic renal complications.