Adrenoceptor subtypes in the control of burn-induced plasma extravasation

Burn trauma is known to induce a significant rise in circulating catecholamine levels and despite catecholamines being potent endogenous vasoactive agents with known actions on microvascular permeability, their effect on burn edema has been poorly investigated. The present study in rats investigated the role and importance of adrenergic receptor subtypes in the regulation of basal capillary permeability in normal skin and hyperpermeability in partial- and full-thickness skin burns. Edema was quantified by spectrophotometric analysis of extravasated Evans blue-albumin. Evaluation was based on intravenous administration of the following adrenergic agonists and antagonists: l-phenylephrine (α1-receptor agonist), prazosin (α1-receptor antagonist), clonidine (α2-receptor agonist), yohimbine (α2-receptor antagonist), prenalterol (β1-receptor agonist), terbutaline (β2-receptor agonist), or propranolol (β1- and β2-receptor antagonist). Results showed increased capillary permeability in normal skin following administration of terbutaline (p < 0.01) and yohimbine (p < 0.01). In partial-thickness burns, clonidine significantly (p < 0.05) reduced edema formation, whereas in full-thickness burns edema was significantly reduced by clonidine (p < 0.05) and l-phenylephrine (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the inhibition of postburn edema induced by stimulation of α1-receptors (l-phylephrine) and α2-receptors (clonidine) could be secondary to increased vascular resistance and reduced tissue perfusion pressure and/or suppressed inflammatory reaction in the burn injury. In the treatment of burn patients, clonidine is particularly interesting since the agent has previously been proven to induce potent analgesia in thermally injured.