Tension in a double loop tendon anterior cruciate graft during a simulated open chain knee extension exercise

Concerns exist regarding the tension developed in a reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during open chain knee extension exercises used to rehabilitate the knee. Therefore, the primary objective was to measure tension in an ACL graft during a simulated open chain knee extension exercise as a function of ankle weight. A secondary objective was to determine whether the graft tension was reduced with relatively high stiffness fixation. The open chain exercise was simulated in seven cadaveric specimens in which the ACL had been reconstructed with double loop tendon grafts. Graft tension was measured at 15° of flexion as the effective ankle weight was increased from 22.5 to 67.5 and then to 112.5 N for three different fixation stiffnesses (25, 125, and 225 N/mm). The initial tension was set to restore the 225 N anterior limit of motion to that of the intact knee at 30° of flexion. Increasing the ankle weight caused the graft tension to increase significantly (p < 0.0001), but the increase with the highest ankle weight was only 62 N on average. Increasing the fixation stiffness caused the graft tension to decrease significantly (p < 0.0001) because the initial tension decreased by 107 N as the fixation stiffness increased. Because the graft tension with the highest ankle weight was limited to 112 N on average, high stiffness fixation methods, which are also resistant to lengthening in the region of the fixation, may reduce the risk of graft construct lengthening during open chain knee extension exercises.