Supracrustal input to magmas in the deep crust of Sierra Nevada batholith: Evidence from high-δ18O zircon

Oxygen isotope ratios of zircon (Zc) from intrusives exposed in the Tehachapi Mountains, southern California, reveal large inputs of high-δ18O supracrustal contaminant into gabbroic and tonalitic magmas deep (> 30 km) in the Cretaceous Sierra Nevada batholith. High δ18O(Zc) values (7.8 ± 0.7‰) predominate in the deep parts of the batholith, but lower values (6.1 ± 0.9‰) occur in shallower parts. This indicates a larger gradient in δ18O with depth in the batholith than occurs from west to east across it. Oxygen, Sr, and Nd isotope data show that the supracrustal contaminant was likely young (Paleozoic or Mesozoic), hydrothermally altered upper oceanic crust or volcanic arc sediments. Such rocks were subducted or underthrust beneath the Sierran arc during accretion of oceanic terranes onto North America. This component yielded high-δ18O magmas that were added to the base of the batholith. On average, gabbros in the southern Sierra contain at least 18% of the subducted supracrustal component. Some tonalite and granodiorite magmas were additionally contaminated by Kings Sequence metasedimentary rocks, as evidenced by δ18O(Zc) and initial 87Sr/86Sr that trend toward values measured for the Kings Sequence. Besides high δ18O values in the southern Sierra, xenoliths in the central Sierra also have elevated δ18O, which confirms the widespread abundance of supracrustal material in the sub-arc lithospheric mantle. In contrast to δ18O(Zc), whole rock δ18O values of many samples have undergone post-magmatic alteration that obscures the magmatic contamination history of those rocks. Such alteration previously prevented confident determination of the mass of young, hydrothermally altered mantle rocks that contributed to Sierran granitoids.