The Rh, Co, Ru metal-catalyzed hydroformylation of hex-1-ene using triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine and triphenylantimony as ligands

The hydroformylation activity of M/AsPh3 systems was comparable and even higher under some experimental conditions than that of M/PPh3 systems. The only significant difference, which makes M/PPh3 systems better than M/AsPh3 systems, was the higher normal/iso (n/iso) ratio of heptanal for M/PPh3 systems.