A bi-factor theory of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence: Meta-analysis and theoretical extensions

Today's pervasiveness of intercultural interactions has spawned scholarly interest in cultural intelligence (CQ) - the capability to function effectively across cultures. Applying meta-analytic techniques, we harness the recent explosion of research on the four-factor model of CQ to address three fundamental, yet unresolved theoretical issues. First, we explicate the benefits of conceptualizing and modeling CQ as a bi-factor model where each factor provides both unique and holistic information. Results shed light on Gelfand's puzzle of whether to facet or not and clearly show the value of the four factors. Second, we advance and test a theoretical model delineating differential relationships between the four CQ factors and three forms of intercultural effectiveness. Findings, based on 199 independent samples (N = 44,155), underscore the value of a nuanced, theoretical model of CQ with differential effects of the four factors. Finally, going beyond prior research, we also address mediated and moderated relationships and expand our understanding of the CQ nomological network. We discuss the implications of these findings for theorizing about the CQ factors and suggest directions for future research.