
Keywords: پوکی استخوان اندوخوردار; PNE; prenatal nicotine exposure; GD; gestational day; POC; primary ossification center; OPG; osteoprotegerin; RANKL; receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; IUGR; intrauterine growth restriction; GC; glucocorticoid; TRAP; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase;