Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; P, Postnatal day; L/D, Light/dark test; EPM, Elevated plus maze; FST, Forced swim test; FLI, Fos-like immunohistochemistry; ANOVA, Analysis of varianceLight/dark test; Elevated plus maze; c-Fos; Forced swim test; Open field test
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Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; CB1, cannabinoid receptor type 1; CB2, cannabinoid receptor type 2; CBD, cannabidiol; EPM, elevated plus maze; GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid; GPR55, G protein-coupled receptor 55; HT, open field habituation test; IOP, intraocular pressure; i.p., intraperi
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; Diabetes; Cognititon; Cinnamaldehyde; GABA; Glutamate; IL-6; TNF-αAChE, Acetylcholine esterase; CA, cinnamaldehyde; DACD, Diabetes-induced cognitive deficits; DTNB, 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid; EPM, Elevated plus maze; GABA, γ-amino butyric acid; GL
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; CRH, corticotrophin releasing hormone; CORT, corticosterone; EPM, elevated plus maze; Fepsp, field excitatory postsynaptic potential; FST, forced swim test; HPAA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopo
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; LA, low anxiety; HA, high anxiety; 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; EPM, elevated plus maze; MFB, medial forebrain bundle; OFT, open field test; PD, Parkinson’s disease; SNc, substantia nigra compactaAnxiolytic; Parkinson’s disease; Non-motor symptom; Elevated
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swimming test; MS, maternal separation; NHI, neonatal hypoxia-ischemia; NMS, no maternal separation; OFT, open field test; PND, postnatal day; SYN, synaptophysinAnxiety; BDFN; D
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; ARC, arcuate nucleus; BRO, bromocriptine; CA, closed arms; CN, center; CON, control group; D1R, dopaminergic receptor 1; D2R, dopaminergic receptor 2; DDc, dopa decarboxylase; DS, dorsal striatum; EPM, elevated plus maze; NAc, nucleus accumbens; NPY, neur
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; LE, Long Evans; SD, Sprague Dawley; TWM, trauma witness model; LD, light-dark test; OFT, open field test; EPM, elevated plus maze; RAWM, radial arm water maze; FST, forced swim testTrauma witness model; Anxiety; Depression; Stress
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; AChE, Acetylcholinesterase; ATC, Acetylthiocholine; CAT, Catalase; DTNB, Dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid; EPM, Elevated plus maze; FST, Forced swimming test; GPx, Glutathione peroxidase; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MWM, Morris water maze; NBT, Nitro blue tetrazolium
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; D1R, dopamine D1 receptor; D2R, dopamine D2 receptor; DAT, dopamine transporter; DMT1, divalent metal transporter 1; EPM, elevated plus maze; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Mn, manganese; NET, nor
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; ANOVA, analysis of variance; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; AA, ambulatory activity; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim testAnxiety; Corticosterone; Lingual nerve; Oral sensory
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; Depression; Olfactory epithelium; Chronic stress; Odorant responseCVS, chronic variable stress; EOG, electro-olfactogram; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; OF, open field; OM, olfactory mucosa; OMP, olfactory marker protein; PCNA, proliferat
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; single-prolonged stress; PTSD; depression; anxiety; cognition; grape powderBDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CTGC, California Table Grape Commission; Cu-Zn SOD, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; GLO-1
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; Cctx, cingulate cortex; Amy, amygdala; CCK, cholecystokinin; CCK-LI, cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity; CCK1-R, cholecystokinin receptor 1; CCK2-R, cholecystokinin receptor 2; DG, dentate gyrus; EPM, elevated plus maze; ER, estrogen receptor; h, hours
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; HA, histamine; HNS, histaminergic neural system; ACh, acetylcholine; EPM, elevated plus maze; CPA, chlorpheniramine maleate; SAL, saline; T1, Trial 1; T2, Trial 2; %OAE, percentage of open arm entries; %OAT, percentage of open arm time; OAE, open arm entr
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; CSD, chronic social defeat; MDD, major depressive disorder; EPM, elevated plus maze; NFT, new frontier taskCuriosity; Major depressive disorder (MDD); New frontier task (NFT); Spatial memory; Exploration; Mice
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; Alcohol; Withdrawal; Anxiety-like behavior; Compulsive-like behavior; Somatic signs; Mousei.p., intraperitoneal; 4MP, 4-methylpyrazole; OFA, open field arena; EPM, elevated plus maze; MBT, marble burying test
Vasopressin V1a, but not V1b, receptors within the PVN of lactating rats mediate maternal care and anxiety-related behaviour
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; ABN, arched back nursing; AVP, arginine-vasopressin; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; EPM, elevated plus maze; HAB, high anxiety-related behaviour; LD, lactation day; MPOA, medial preoptic area; mPVN, magnocellular part of the PVN; PD, pregnancy
Corticosterone levels and behavioral changes induced by simultaneous exposure to chronic social stress and enriched environments in NMRI male mice
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; EE, environmental enrichment; EPM, elevated plus maze; HB, ole board test; HD, head dip; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis; NO STRESS, no social stress condition; NOR, novel object recognition test; P
Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and neuropharmacological effects of Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae): A review
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; CNS, central nervous system; KNO3, potassium nitrate; EAF, acetate fraction; FH, hexanic fraction; FHA, hydroalcoholic fraction; FHAppt, precipitated hydroalcoholic fraction; EPM, elevated plus maze; WP, whole plant; AP, aerial parts; R, roots; FST, force
Comparative effects of intranasal neuropeptide Y and HS014 in preventing anxiety and depressive-like behavior elicited by single prolonged stress
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; Single prolonged stress; NPY; HS014; Melanocortin four receptor; Depression; AnxietyACTH, adrenocorticotropin hormone; CA, closed arms; CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone; EPM, elevated plus maze; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; HPA, hypothalamic-pi
Serotonergic interaction between medial prefrontal cortex and mesotelencephalic DA system underlies cognitive and affective deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; 5,7-DHT, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine; 5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; DA, dopamine; dmPFC, dorsal mPFC; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; dSTR, dorsal striatum; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; MDS, midbrain
Apigenin 7-glucoside from Stachys tibetica Vatke and its anxiolytic effect in rats
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; EPM, elevated plus maze; MA, commercial apigenin; CPCSEA, Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals; OECD, Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development; DZ, diazepam; IA, isolated apigenin (apigenin 7-glucosid
β-Caryophyllene, a CB2 receptor agonist produces multiple behavioral changes relevant to anxiety and depression in mice
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; BCP, β-caryophyllene; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; MBT, marble burying test; NSF, novelty suppressed feeding; OF, open field; TST, tail suspension testAM630; Anxiety; β-Caryophyllene; CB2 receptors; Depression
Behavioral effects of repeated handling differ in rats reared in social isolation and environmental enrichment
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; EE, enriched environment; EPM, elevated plus maze; ISO, social isolationAnxiety; d-Amphetamine; Environmental enrichment; Isolation; Handling
Anxiolytic-like effect of linezolid in experimental mouse models of anxiety
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; MAO, Monoamine oxidase; EPM, Elevated plus maze; L/D, Light/dark; HB, Hole board; BZD, Benzodiazepine; 5-HT, Serotonin; NE, Nor-epinephrine; KO, Knockout; ANOVA, Analysis of variance; GABA, Gamma-amino butyric acidAnimal models; Anti-anxiety; Linezolid; M
Central relaxin-3 receptor (RXFP3) activation decreases anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours in the rat
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; aCSF, artificial cerebrospinal fluid; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; BNST, bed nucleus of stria terminalis; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; CRF1, corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; GABA, γ-a
Exposure to variable prenatal stress in rats: Effects on anxiety-related behaviors, innate and contextual fear, and fear extinction
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; PNS, prenatal stress; ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; PTSD, post traumatic stress disorder; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; EPM, elevated plus maze; CFC, contextual fear conditioning; GD, gestational day; PND, postnatal day; ED, extin
Behavioural alterations relevant to developmental brain disorders in mice with neonatally induced ventral hippocampal lesions
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; %SA, percentage spontaneous alternation; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ANOVA, analysis of variance; EPM, elevated plus maze; i.p., intraperitoneal; LARGE, large neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion; MWM, Morris water maze; NVHL, neonatal
The interaction of disrupted Type II Neuregulin 1 and chronic adolescent stress on adult anxiety- and fear-related behaviors
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; AMG, amygdala; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CON, control; CORT, corticosterone; CVS, chronic variable stress; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EPM, elevated plus maze; GC, glucocorticoid; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adre
Adolescent alcohol exposure alters the rat adult hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responsiveness in a sex-specific manner
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; AIE, adolescent intermittent ethanol; BAL, blood alcohol level; cort, corticosterone; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; EPM, elevated plus maze; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; ig, intragastric; IHC, immunohis
The influence of study design and sex-differences on results from developmental neurotoxicity studies of bisphenol A, implications for toxicity testing
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; BPA, bisphenol A; DNT, developmental neurotoxicity; EDC, endocrine disrupting compound; EPM, elevated plus maze; LOAEL, lowest observed adverse effect level; NMDR, non-monotonic dose–response; NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level; OF, open field; PCA,
Cannabinoid type 1 receptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channels in fear and anxiety—two sides of one coin?
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; anandamide; cannabinoid; vanilloid; anxiety; fear; stressCB1, cannabinoid type 1; EPM, elevated plus maze; PAG, periaqueductal gray; PFC, prefrontal cortex; TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel; 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
Maternal protein restriction in the rat during pregnancy and/or lactation alters cognitive and anxiety behaviors of female offspring
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; C, control diet; CC, control diet during pregnancy and lactation; FR, fixed ratio; CR, control diet during pregnancy and protein restriction during lactation; EPM, elevated plus maze; R, protein restriction; RR, protein restriction during pregnancy and la
[tBu-d-Gly5]NPS, a pure and potent antagonist of the neuropeptide S receptor: In vitro and in vivo studies
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; DB, defensive burying; EPM, elevated plus maze; LA, locomotor activity; NPS, neuropeptide S; NPSR, NPS receptor; mNPSR, mouse NPSR; rNPSR, rat NPSR; RR, righting reflexNeuropeptide S; [tBu-d-Gly5]NPS; Calcium mobilization; Locomotor activity; Righting ref
Social interaction attenuates stress responses following chronic stress in maternally separated rats
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; MS, maternal separation; GE, gastric emptying; CT, colonic transit; CHS, chronic homotypic stress; CRF, corticotropin releasing factor; OXT, oxytocin; HPA, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; EPM, elevated plus maze; GI, gas
Low-dose neonatal domoic acid causes persistent changes in behavioural and molecular indicators of stress response in rats
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; DOM, domoic acid; CRF, corticotrophin-releasing factor; PND, postnatal day; SAL, saline; EPM, elevated plus maze; MWM, Morris water maze; AN, anterior nuclear; AM, anterior membrane/cytosol; HN, hippocampal nuclear; HM, hippocampal membrane/cytosol; PN, p
Lead intoxication induces noradrenaline depletion, motor nonmotor disabilities, and changes in the firing pattern of subthalamic nucleus neurons
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; lead; Parkinson disease; subthalamic nucleus; noradrenaline; electrophysiologyCOX, cytochrome oxidase; DA, dopamine; EPM, Elevated plus maze; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; NA, noradrenaline; STN, subthalamic nucleus
Noradrenergic antidepressant responses to desipramine in vivo are reciprocally regulated by arrestin3 and spinophilin
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; α2 Adrenergic receptor; Arrestin; Depression; Desipramine; Forced swim test; Spinophilin5HT, serotonin; AR, adrenergic receptor; Arr, arrestin; DMI, desipramine; EPM, elevated plus maze; FLX, fluoxetine; FST, forced swim test; GPCR, G protein-coupled rece
Cotinine enhances the extinction of contextual fear memory and reduces anxiety after fear conditioning
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CS, conditioned stimulus; US, unconditioned stimulus; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; EPM, elevated plus maze; FE, fear memory extinction; HPA, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal; h, hours; min, minutes; OF, open field
Sex differences in baseline and drug-induced behavioural responses in classical behavioural tests
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; CNS, central nervous system; OFT, open field test; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; DA, dopamine; DZP, diazepam; DMI, desipramine; AMP, amphetamine; HCMA, homecage monitoring apparatus; APO, apomorphineBehavioural pharmacology; Elevated plu
Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment during gestation in WKY and Wistar rats
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; EE, environmental enrichment; WKY, Wistar Kyoto; OF, open field; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim testPrenatal environmental enrichment; WKY rats; Early programming; Maternal behavior; Rats; Activity; Anxiety-like-behavior
Behavioural outcomes of perinatal maternal fluoxetine treatment
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CS, conditioned stimulus; ED, embryonic day; EPM, elevated plus maze; FST, forced swim test; KO, knockout; MAO, monoamine oxidase; MWT, Morris water task; PD, postnatal day; PPI, prepulse inhibition; SERT, serotonin transporte
Is it all in the family? The effects of early social structure on neural–behavioral systems of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; AL, alloparenting; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BNST, bed nucleus of stria terminalis; CA1, CA1 region of hippocampus; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EPM, elevated plus maze; HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyeth
Behavioral and endocrine effects of chronic exposure to low doses of chlorobenzenes in Wistar rats
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; 5-HT, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine); ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone; AVP, arginine-vasopressin; ClB, the chlorobenzene mixture applied for exposure in our experiments; CNS, central nervous system; EPM, elevated plus maze; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpe
Dendritic morphology of amygdala and hippocampal neurons in more and less predator stress responsive rats and more and less spontaneously anxious handled controls
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; BLA, basolateral amygdala; DHC, dorsal hippocampus; EPM, elevated plus maze; HC, handled control; 5-HTTLPR, reduced functioning polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter; LA, less anxious; MA, more anxious; mRNA, messenger RNA; PS, predator stressed; PSS
Socially isolated mice exhibit a blunted homeostatic sleep response to acute sleep deprivation compared to socially paired mice
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BL, baseline; EEG, electroencephalogram; EMG, electromyogram; EPM, elevated plus maze; FFT, Fast Fourier Transform; MAg, gross motor activity; MANOVA, multivariate analysis of variance; NREM, non-rapid eye movement; OF, open f
Novelty response of rats determines the effect of prefrontal alpha-2 adrenoceptor modulation on anxiety
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; BRL, BRL44408; CA, closed arm of the elevated plus maze; EPM, elevated plus maze; GUA, guanfacine; HR, high responder to novelty; IMI, imiloxan; LR, low responder to novelty; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; NE, norepinephrine; OA, open arm of the elevated
Effects of opioid agonist and antagonist in dams exposed to morphine during the perinatal period
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; CPP, conditioned place preference; CPA, conditioned place aversion; EPM, elevated plus maze; i.t., intrathecal; MB, maternal behaviour; MO, morphine; nonMB, non-maternal (out-of-the-nest) behaviour; NX, naloxone; PD, postpartum day; s.c., subcutaneous; SA
Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation together with early maternal separation increases anxiety and vulnerability to stress in adult rats
Keywords: EPM، پیچ و خم به علاوه بالا; Anxiety; Fear; Maternal separation; n-3 PUFA; Rat; StressCS, conditioned stimulus; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPM, elevated plus maze; MS, maternal separation; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; PND, post-natal day, PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; US