
Keywords: کسری گاز باقی مانده; AKI; anti-knock index (RONÂ +Â MON)/2; bTDC; before top dead center; CA50; crank angle location where 50% of the fuel mass has burned; CAD; crank angle degrees; CFD; computational fluid dynamics; DI; direct injection; EVC; exhaust valve closing; EVO; exha