An integrative approach for the water-energy-food nexus in beef cattle production: A simulation of the proposed model to Brazil

Global environmental and economic changes are putting pressure on natural resources with increasing demands for fresh water, energy and food (WEF). These changes aligned with the consequent change in dietary behaviors through an increased consumption of meat and a preference for sustainability standards of production, demand new technologies and techniques. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to propose a beef cattle production model based on a sustainable integrative approach to the WEF nexus, addressing water savings through rainwater collection, food production, and clean and renewable energy generation (solar cells and biodigesters). In addition, cattle are provided thermal comfort and welfare. The proposed model was tested in a beef cattle production environment and the benefits of this sustainable integrative approach were analyzed. Findings suggest that the proposed standard modules represent a strategic option for livestock producers. The use of the photovoltaic solar cells shadow improve the welfare and quality of cattle production, while generating clean and renewable energy and providing water savings.