Locating multiple types of recharging stations for battery-powered electric vehicle transport

• The capacitated multiple-recharging-station-location models are proposed.
• The models can simulate the changes in the electric-vehicle’s stored energy.
• The models can be applied to any type of vehicle routing behavior.
• The location of mixed stations can achieve minimal cost.
• The use of mixed stations also can ensure the completion of travelers’ journeys.

This study used the concepts of set- and maximum-coverage to formulate capacitated multiple-recharging-station-location models, using a mixed integer programming method, based on a vehicle-refueling logic. The results of the case study demonstrate that the use of mixed stations can achieve the optimal deployment for the planning area, with results that are better than those achieved with a single type of recharging stations. While in some paths the use of slow-recharging stations means that tours are not feasible, the deployment of mixed stations can provide an economical approach which ensures the completion of overall tours on each path.