Permeation characteristics of volatile fatty acids solution by forward osmosis

Highlight
- The dewatering of the dissociated VFAs solution was achieved.
- The dilutive ICP was less severe than the concentrative ICP as seen in the water flux.
- The VFAs solution can be obtained above 160 g/L VFAs in the FO mode.
- The PAO system with NaOH showed a higher water flux and higher rejection rate.
- Not only the chemical solution, but also the real fermentation product can be dewatered using the FO system.