CFD simulations of biofuel bed conversion: A submodel for the drying and devolatilization of thermally thick wood particles

The implementation of the particle submodel into a CFD code is described in detail. The submodel can predict 2-10 s of real time per second of computation, which is shown to be sufficient to treat a bed of particles in 2D or 3D. The discussion addresses how effects on the multi-particle scale, such as local collapses of a fixed fuel bed, can be dealt with in the most efficient manner.