A bifunctional biosensor for subcutaneous glucose monitoring by reverse iontophoresis

► We report the fabrication of a bifunctional biosensor for noninvasive detecting the subcutaneous glucose by reverse iontophoresis. ► The biosensor shows high sensitivity with the Os-complex mediator and three-dimensional hydrogel membrane. ► There is a good linear relationship between the subcutaneous glucose concentration and the biosensor response using the naked mouse skin.