30 years on: What can HIV treatment do for HIV prevention?

This article looks at the progress that has been made in understanding transmission, treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) since its first recognized appearance in 1981. Drawing on epidemiological data, it shows that despite our understanding of the infection, its transmission, and ways in which it can be managed, it remains a significant and growing challenge in both biological and population terms. With recent reports estimating that the cost of therapy is £1 billion per annum in the UK, this paper identifies and reflects on some of the emerging opportunities and challenges for HIV treatment and prevention.