Anti-inflammatory effect of lactobacilli bacteria on HepG2 cells is through cross-regulation of TLR4 and NOD2 signalling

► Changes in SOCS1/3, NOD2, NFκb and PPARα were examined in this study. ► SOCS1/3 expression and PPARα translocation increased by probiotic treatment. ► NOD2 knockdown makes probiotics partially loss anti-inflammatory capacities. ► LPS tolerance is mainly attributed to SOCS1/3 stimulation, rather than PPARα. ► Cross-regulation of TLR4 and NOD2 may be one of the anti-inflammatory pathways.