Cryogenically fabricated three-dimensional chitosan scaffolds with pore size-controlled structures for biomedical applications

► We have presented a new technique for 3D chitosan scaffold fabrication for bone tissue engineering. ► Our system uses an innovative cryogenic system to generate a directly plotted 3D chitosan scaffold consisting of designed pore structure. ► The chitosan scaffold exhibited incredibly enhanced initial cell attachment and proliferation compared to conventional spongy-type chitosan scaffold.