Relationships between calcium and sphingolipid-dependent signalling pathways during the early steps of plant-pathogen interactions

► Ca2 + signal is a key early event in plant responses to pathogen recognition. ► LCBs are crucial mediators of plant defence-related PCD during pathogen attack. ► CMLs are important actors of plant innate immunity. ► CPK3, 14-3-3s and MPK6 are regulators of LCB-mediated PCD.