Estrogenic effects of environmental chemicals: An interspecies comparison

The development of various in vitro screening methods has led to identification of novel estrogenic chemicals of natural and anthropogenic origin. In this study, the (anti)estrogenic potential of several environmental chemicals were compared in an array of in vitro test systems comprising: (i) competitive binding to estrogen receptors derived from the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (hER) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (rtER), (ii) a proliferation assay with MCF-7 cells (E-SCREEN), and iii) induction of vitellogenin (rtVtg) in isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes. The results showed substantial differences in assay sensitivity for potent estrogens like 17β-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol and zearalenone (ranking order of sensitivity: E-SCREEN > hER ≈ rtER ≈ rtVtg). Chemicals like 4-n-nonylphenol and bisphenol A had higher relative binding affinity to the hER, whereas 4-t-butylphenol and 4-n-butylphenol showed highest affinity to the rtER. Zearalenone and the novel estrogen 4-t-butylhexanol displayed a considerable higher relative potency in the E-SCREEN than the rtVtg assay, whereas alkylphenols and the novel estrogen mimic 4-t-butyl-nitrobenzene were most potent in fish cells. Correlation analysis of data from the test systems suggest that interspecies differences is largely due to inter-assay variation of the ER-dependent cellular responses, whereas binding to the ER are fairly similar in the two species tested.