Multiple effects of IL-21 on human NK cells in ex vivo expansion

Natural killer (NK) cells (CD56+CD3−) are large, granular immunocytes that play a very pivotal role in the anti-inflammatory response and tumor surveillance. As an ideal cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL), NK cells have attracted much attention in clinical trials. However, an insufficient number and their limited life span are bottlenecks that limit the application of NK cells in adoptive immunotherapy. Interleukins such as IL-2, IL-15 and IL-18 are recognized as factors that stimulate NK cells and have been used in NK cells ex vivo expansion. Similar to IL-2 and IL-15, IL-21 is a common γ-chain cytokine that is important in NK cell activation, maturation and proliferation. The present study aims to assess the effects of membrane-bound and soluble IL-21 on primary human NK cells during ex vivo expansion. IL-21 was found to have multiple effects on NK cells, increasing their cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner by up-regulating IFN-γ and Granzyme-B expression. Nevertheless, at a high concentration (50 ng/mL), IL-21 curtailed the life span of NK cells by significantly inducing apoptosis. Moreover, when treated with IL-21, the number of NKT (CD56+CD3+) cells increased among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during ex vivo expansion in a concentration-dependent manner. IL-21 also promoted expanded cells to enter into S phase of the cell cycle during the first to second weeks of culture. All these results suggest that IL-21 has multiple effects on NK cell development and functions. More attention should be given to the dosage and multiple effects of IL-21 when it was applied to NK cells in ex vivo expansion.