TGF-β/BMPs: Crucial crossroad in neural autoimmune disorders

► Smad superfamily play a crucial role in the transduction of TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway. ► Both neural and skin development follow the “biphasic developmental model”. ► Many molecules exhibit a biphasic role in the developmental process. ► Some molecules exhibit an enhancing role in one pathway and an inhibiting in the other. ► TGF-β/BMP molecules play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis.