Presynaptic malfunction: The neurotoxic effects of cadmium and lead on the proton gradient of synaptic vesicles and glutamate transport

► Cd2+ or Pb2+ caused dissipation of the proton gradient of synaptic vesicles that lead to: ► Incomplete filling of synaptic vesicles. ► A decrease in stimulated exocytosis. ► An attenuation of Na+-dependent glutamate uptake. ► Synaptic malfunction.