Scaling nonreactive cross flow over a heated plate to simulate forest fires

The paper reports visualization of the flow of smoke over a flat surface inside of a low-speed wind tunnel. A heating plate flush mounted on the wind tunnel floor simulated a spreading line fire that produces uniform heat flux under constant wind speed condition. A paper-thin cloth was soaked with commercially available Vaseline and placed on top of the heating plate; when it is heated, it produced thick white smoke, ideal for flow visualization. Two sides and top of the wind tunnel were made of a transparent acrylic sheet that enabled LED and laser sheet light illumination of the flow. A still camera with a full-frame CMOS sensor was used to record time-series images of illuminated smoke flow patterns from different angles. From these images, the following four flow structures were identified: organized horizontal vortex flows, weak vortex flow interactions, strong vortex flow interactions (also described as the 'transition regime'), and, turbulent flows. Previously developed scaling laws on forest fires were applied to find similarity in flow structures created by the current small-scale convective heat-transfer experiments and the USDA's mid-scale wind tunnel fire experiments.