Dietary grape seed procyanidin extract protects against lead-induced heart injury in rats involving endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition and AKT activation

Mechanism of GSPE ameliorating lead-induced heart injury. In rat heart, lead induced ER stress and inactivated AKT/GSK3β signaling contributing to oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, GSPE protects cardiocytes against lead via reducing lead accumulation, alleviating ER stress, activating AKT/GSK3β signaling, and furtherly attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis.66