Identification of in vitro and in vivo metabolites of alantolactone by UPLC-TOF-MS/MS

• Metabolism of alantolactone was first investigated by UPLC-TOF-MS/MS.
• Two sulfur-containing dimers of alantolactone were obtained by biotransformation.
• Forty-four metabolites in vivo and in vitro were detected and identified.
• Twenty-six metabolites were identified as novel sulfur-containing products.
• A new metabolism pathway to produce sulfur-containing dimers of AL was revealed.

Alantolactone (AL), an active sesquiterpene originating from Inula helenium, is a potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent. However so far, studies on AL metabolism have not been reported. In the present study, we have investigated for the first time the in vivo and in vitro metabolites of AL using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS/MS). A unique on-line information-dependent acquisition (IDA) method multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) was applied to trace all of the probable metabolites of AL. Five MMDF templates were set according to the core structure of AL and the general metabolite biotransformation patterns, and other five sulfur-containing dimer filter templates were first established on the basis of structural elucidation of AL metabolites obtained from rat intestinal bacteria biotransformation. As a result, 44 metabolites were characterized: 41 metabolites from rat urine, bile and feces after oral administration of AL, and 13 metabolites from AL biotransformation by rat intestinal bacteria. Particularly, 26 metabolites were identified as novel sulfur-containing products. The results indicated that addition of double bond at Δ(11,13) and oxidization were the main metabolic reactions of AL. A new metabolism pathway to produce addition products of H2S to AL and further generate a series of sulfur-containing dimers of AL was revealed. This study significantly enriched our knowledge about AL metabolism, which will lead to a better understanding of the safety and efficacy of AL. At the same time, the established methodology can be widely applied for the structural determination of the metabolites of other sesquiterpene containing α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety.