Comparative study of artificial intelligence techniques for sizing of a hydrogen-based stand-alone photovoltaic/wind hybrid system

• PV/wind/FC hybrid system is economically modeled.
• Optimal sizing is investigated by artificial intelligence techniques.
• The system's cost is compared with the traditional PV/wind/battery system.
• PSO yields the most promising results in terms of accuracy.

As non-polluting reliable energy sources, stand-alone photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell (PV/wind/FC) hybrid systems are being studied from various aspects in recent years. In such systems, optimum sizing is the main issue for having a cost-effective system. This paper evaluates the performance of different artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for optimum sizing of a PV/wind/FC hybrid system to continuously satisfy the load demand with the minimal total annual cost. For this aim, the sizing problem is formulated and four well-known heuristic algorithms, namely, particle swarm optimization (PSO), tabu search (TS), simulated annealing (SA), and harmony search (HS), are applied to the system and the results are compared in terms of the total annual cost. It can be seen that not only average results produced by PSO are more promising than those of the other algorithms but also PSO has the most robustness. As another investigation, the sizing is also performed for a PV/wind/battery hybrid system and the results are compared with those of the PV/wind/FC system.