Analysis of in situ water transport in Nafion® by confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising alternative source of clean power for automotive applications, but its acceptance in such applications depends on reducing its costs and increasing its power density to achieve greater compactness. To meet these requirements, further improvements in cell performance are required. In particular, when the fuel cell is operating at high current density, the transport of water through the membrane has considerable impacts on the performance because of the large concentration gradient of water between the cathode and anode. Through-plane water permeation across the membrane is therefore a fundamental process in operational PEMFCs. Recently, resistance to water transport at the membrane–gas interface has been reported, and this is affected by the temperature and relative humidity. We investigated the distribution of water inside a proton exchange membrane during a water permeation test by using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy with a fine spatial resolution (2–3 μm). In the presence of a water flux, the local water content is not necessarily in equilibrium with the water activity in the gas phase. Interfacial water-transport resistance due to the presence of a non-equilibrium membrane structure at the interface cannot be neglected.