Improved performance of dye-sensitized solar cells with TiO2/alumina core–shell formation using atomic layer deposition

Alumina (Al2O3) shell formation on TiO2 core nanoparticles by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is studied to suppress the recombination of charge carriers generated in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). It is relatively easy to control the shell thickness using the ALD method by controlling the number of cycles. An optimum thickness can be identified, which allows tunneling of the forward current while suppressing recombination. High-resolution TEM measurements show that a uniform Al2O3 shell is formed around the TiO2 core particles and elemental mapping of the porous TiO2 layer reveals that the Al2O3 distribution is uniform throughout the layer. The amount of dye absorption is increased with increase in the shell thickness but electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) measurement shows a drastic increase in the resistance. With an optimum Al2O3 thickness of 2 nm deposited by ALD, a 35% improvement in the cell efficiency (from 6.2 to 8.4%) is achieved.