Fabrication of pillar-like titania nanostructures on titanium and their interactions with human skeletal stem cells

Surface nanotopography is known to influence the interaction of human skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cells (hMSC) with a material surface. While most surface nanopatterning has been performed on polymer-based surfaces there is a need for techniques to produce well-defined topography features with tuneable sizes on relevant load-bearing implant materials such as titanium (Ti). In this study titania nanopillar structures with heights of either 15, 55 or 100 nm were produced on Ti surfaces using anodization through a porous alumina mask. The influence of the surface structure heights on hMSC adhesion, spreading, cytoskeletal formation and differentiation was examined. The 15 nm high topography features resulted in the greatest cell response with bone matrix nodule forming on the Ti surface after 21 days.