Potential molecular mechanisms for combined toxicity of arsenic and alcohol

Arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental factor that has been identified as a risk factor for a wide range of human diseases. Alcohol is clearly a toxic substance when consumed in excess. Alcohol abuse results in a variety of pathological effects, including damages to liver, heart, and brain, as well as other organs, and is associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancers. In history, arsenic-contaminated beers caused severe diseases. There are populations who are exposed to relatively high levels of arsenic in their drinking water and consume alcohol at the same time. In this focused review, we aim to discuss important molecular mechanisms responsible for arsenic toxicity and potential combined toxic effects of alcohol and arsenic.

Graphical AbstractPotential mechanism of combined toxicity of arsenic and alcohol. Alcohol consumption elevates arsenic absorption and alters arsenic methylation. Both arsenic and alcohol cause GSH depletion, ROS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. They potentiate each other’s toxic effects such as in causing oxidative stress, and induce cell death, DNA damage and carcinogenesis. In addition, alcohol and arsenic can directly alter DNA methylation and impair DNA repair, which may accelerate the DNA damage and carcinogenesis induced by oxidative stress.Figure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slide