Bis-neonicotinoid insecticides: Observed and predicted binding interactions with the nicotinic receptor

The bis-pharmacophore approach applied to neonicotinoid insecticides reveals high binding affinity for heptamethylene bis-N3,N3′-imidacloprid fitting a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor model wherein the chloropyridine moieties contact loops E and F and the alkylene linker bridges these two distant domains.

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