Surface amorphization and deoxygenation of graphene oxide paper by Ti ion implantation

Ti ion implantation with different doses was used to modify the surface and deoxygenate graphene oxide (GO) papers. The morphologies, microstructures and surface chemical states of the modified GO papers were investigated. Based on the results, the surface amorphization of GO papers is realized by Ti ion implantation. In addition, the whole GO paper is reduced or deoxygenated, which can be attributed to the annealing effect. However, at a low implantation dose of 5 × 1016 cm−2, the deoxygenation of GO paper is found to be incomplete. With a high implantation dose of 3 × 1017 cm−2, a surface composed of whirlpool-like structures is generated, while the layer-by-layer stacking structure of the as-prepared GO paper is retained.