Revival of pure titanium for dynamically loaded porous implants using additive manufacturing

• The mechanical properties of CP Ti grade 1 porous structures are studied.
• The results are compared with identical structures in Ti6Al4V ELI and tantalum.
• Ti6Al4V ELI structures are about two times stronger under a static compressive load.
• CP Ti structures deform continuously without fracture while loaded statically.
• CP Ti structures have a higher fatigue life compared to Ti6Al4V ELI structures.

Additive manufacturing techniques are getting more and more established as reliable methods for producing porous metal implants thanks to the almost full geometrical and mechanical control of the designed porous biomaterial. Today, Ti6Al4V ELI is still the most widely used material for porous implants, and none or little interest goes to pure titanium for use in orthopedic or load-bearing implants. Given the special mechanical behavior of cellular structures and the material properties inherent to the additive manufacturing of metals, the aim of this study is to investigate the properties of selective laser melted pure unalloyed titanium porous structures. Therefore, the static and dynamic compressive properties of pure titanium structures are determined and compared to previously reported results for identical structures made from Ti6Al4V ELI and tantalum. The results show that porous Ti6Al4V ELI still remains the strongest material for statically loaded applications, whereas pure titanium has a mechanical behavior similar to tantalum and is the material of choice for cyclically loaded porous implants. These findings are considered to be important for future implant developments since it announces a potential revival of the use of pure titanium for additively manufactured porous implants.

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