The preparation and properties of sodium and organomodified-montmorillonite/polypyrrole composites: A comparative study

Two montmorillonites, an inorganic sodium montmorillonite (NaMMT) and an organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT), were used for the preparation of montmorillonite/polypyrrole (MMT/PPy) composites. MMT particles were modified by the in situ polymerization of pyrrole in water, in aqueous solution of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) used as anionic surfactant, and in water/methanol. Ferric chloride was used as oxidant in each case. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements proved the intercalation of PPy into the galleries of NaMMT regardless the reaction media. In contrast, for OMMT/PPy composites, the increase of interlayer spacing depends on the preparation conditions, the highest increase in interlayer spacing was achieved in water/DBSA solution. The WAXS patterns of OMMT/PPy composites synthesized in methanol/water showed no change in interlayer spacing and the electrical conductivity of these composites was low, similar to that of NaMMT/PPy composites prepared under the same conditions. Conductivity about 1.1 S cm−1 was reached for OMMT/PPy composites containing 13.3 wt% PPy prepared in the presence of DBSA. The NaMMT/PPy composite containing 15.6 wt% PPy and prepared under the same conditions showed a conductivity of 0.26 S cm−1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) proved that the surface of NaMMT/PPy composites is rich in MMT, whereas more PPy was found on the surface of OMMT/PPy composites. The conductivity of composites correlated with the N/Si atomic ratio determined from XPS results, which was taken as a semi-quantitative measure of the PPy surface fraction.