Development, characterization and the application of hybrid materials in coagulation/flocculation of wastewater: A review

Hybrid materials are products which are composed of two or more different types of components in one polymeric matrix. Hybrid materials have been receiving increased attention by researchers in recent years due to their unique properties and superior performance compared to that of conventional inorganic coagulants and organic polymeric flocculants. This paper attempts to discuss various scientific aspects of hybrid materials that are used in coagulation–flocculation process. This review covers the fundamental aspects of preparation, characterization as well as the application of hybrid materials in coagulation/flocculation of wastewater. The properties of hybrid materials are reviewed in terms of chemical, physical, thermal, morphological as well as structural characteristics. Emphasis is given on the application of hybrid materials in treating wastewater under different conditions, through coagulation and flocculation method. It covers various research works efforts which are being carried out over the past decade with respect to hybrid materials used in treating wastewater.

► Development, characterization and application of hybrid materials are reviewed.
► Hybrid materials are composed of two or more components in one matrix.
► Hybrid materials pose unique properties compared to original components.
► The properties of hybrid materials change with the component and composition.
► Hybrid materials perform better compared to conventional coagulant and flocculant.