Aerosol behavior during SIC control rod failure in QUENCH-13 test

In a nuclear reactor severe accident, radioactive fission products as well as structural materials are released from the core by evaporation, and the released gases form particles by nucleation and condensation. In addition, aerosol particles may be generated by droplet formation and fragmentation of the core. In pressurized water reactors (PWR), a commonly used control rod material is silver–indium–cadmium (SIC) covered with stainless steel cladding. The control rod elements, Cd, In and Ag, have relatively low melting temperatures, and especially Cd has also a very low boiling point. Control rods are likely to fail early on in the accident due to melting of the stainless steel cladding which can be accelerated by eutectic interaction between stainless steel and the surrounding Zircaloy guide tube. The release of the control rod materials would follow the cladding failure thus affecting aerosol source term as well as fuel rod degradation.The QUENCH experimental program at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe investigates phenomena associated with reflood of a degrading core under postulated severe accident conditions. QUENCH-13 test was the first in this program to include a silver–indium–cadmium control rod of prototypic PWR design. To characterize the extent of aerosol release during the control rod failure, aerosol particle size distribution and concentration measurements in the off-gas pipe of the QUENCH facility were carried out. For the first time, it was possible to determine on-line the aerosol concentration and size distribution released from the core. These results are of prime importance for model development for the proper calculation of the source term resulting from control rod failure.The on-line measurement showed that the main aerosol release started at the bundle temperature maximum of T ∼ 1570 K at hottest bundle elevation. A very large burst of aerosols was detected 660 s later at the bundle temperature maximum of T ∼ 1650 K, followed by a relatively steady aerosol release until core cooling by quench when the on-line measurements were stopped. Cd was released first from the control rod, followed by In, and finally, by Ag. The particle size distributions were bimodal indicating two aerosol formation mechanisms, evaporation followed by nucleation and condensation, as well as droplet and fragment generation. Generally, release is modelled as evaporation from molten regions of control rod materials. Clearly, results of this investigation give evidence of contribution by entrainment of droplets and fragmented material.