Nucleation and growth mechanism of crystalline phase for fabrication of ultrafine-grained Ti66Nb13Cu8Ni6.8Al6.2 composites by spark plasma sintering and crystallization of amorphous phase

▶ Ti-based composite was fabricated by SPS and crystallization of amorphous phase. ▶ The strength and ductility are superior to counterpart nanostructured composites. ▶ Theoretical base of fabricating crystallized phase-containing alloy was elucidated. ▶ Nucleation and growth mechanism of crystalline phase were elucidated. ▶ The results provide a way to fabricate crystallized phase-containing composites.