Local structure and magnetization of ferromagnetic Cu-doped ZnO films: No magnetism at the dopant?

Relationship between magnetism and structure of Cu-doped ZnO was investigated at macroscopic and microscopic levels. Thin Zn1−xCuxO films (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.07 and 0.10) were prepared by a pulsed laser deposition and characterized via superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, high-resolution x-ray diffraction, and Cu K-edge and Zn K-edge x-ray absorption, x-ray linear dichroism and x-ray circular magnetic dichroism spectroscopy. Even though the samples exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism with magnetization that increases with Cu concentration, we did not detect signatures of local magnetic moments associated with Cu atoms, as evidenced by the lack of any XMCD signal. The host ZnO wurtzite lattice is not significantly altered by the addition of Cu. At the same time, most of the Cu atoms are not incorporated into the wurtzite lattice but rather have a CuO-like coordination. These results indicate that ferromagnetism of the investigated Zn1−xCuxO films is not directly linked to the doping atoms but rather is due to some other changes which have been introduced to the host ZnO by the dopants.